What factors can cause a 3D print to warp?

Warping in 3D printing is largely influenced by the physical changes that occur during the printing process, which can be caused by several key factors. The correct answer highlights that poor bed adhesion, incorrect temperature settings, and unfavorable environmental conditions significantly impact the warping phenomenon.

Poor bed adhesion can lead to layers of the print not sticking properly to the print surface, causing them to lift as the print progresses. If the initial layers do not adhere well, they may warp or curl up, leading to overall misalignment in the printed part.

Incorrect temperature can influence how the material behaves as it cools. If the heat is too low, the material may not adequately melt and adhere to previous layers, while excessive heat can cause uneven cooling and stress on the material, resulting in warping. The ideal temperature settings vary depending on the type of filament being used, and ensuring these are calibrated correctly helps to minimize deformation.

Environmental conditions, such as drafts, temperature fluctuations, and humidity, also play a vital role. A draft or sudden temperature change can cause one side of the print to cool at a different rate than the other, leading to uneven contraction and ultimately warping.

While the other choices present factors that might influence the printing process or characteristics of the final